Sulphur S: breaks/cracks at hot forming
Phosphorus P: embrittlement, especially at low temperatures
Copper Cu: cracks at hot forming
Gases (Hydrogen H, Nitrogen N ,Oxygen O ):
holes in steel (gas bubbles), additionally H -flakes, N - aging
What is Rolling ?
Continuous shaping by plastic deformation = continuous forging leading to improved mechanical properties.
Atomic structure of steel
Elastic deformation
Plastic deformation
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