Stress-strain-curves2 
Compressing (upsetting) of a rectangular body not considering friction
Compressing (upsetting) of a rectangular body not considering friction
Deformation resistance
Deformation resistance = yield stress + losses by external friction at compacting surface + losses by internal friction in the metal itself .
Internal friction ki= friction in the deformed material between atoms
External friction kr= friction between tool and material during deformation
Rolling force
Rolling force = deformation resistance x area of contact
Roll gap & deformation area
Arc of contact= rootover (roll diameter x height difference)
Area of contact = Arc of contact x average width
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